Paper Key : IRJ************697
Author: Uma Sankareswari R,Prabhaharan J,Siva Sankaridevi T,Sasikala K
Date Published: 07 Nov 2024
Abstract
AbstractIn recent times, the agricultural sector has faced a significant challenge characterized by the shortage and escalating costs of synthetic fertilizers. These fertilizers, which have traditionally underpinned modern agricultural practices, have become increasingly difficult to obtain and afford due to supply chain disruptions, geopolitical tensions, and rising production costs. As a consequence, a paradigm shift towards organic fertilizers has emerged as a viable solution to mitigate the impacts of this crisis. The reliance on synthetic fertilizers has been a cornerstone of high-yield agriculture, enabling farmers to enhance soil fertility and increase crop productivity. However, this dependency has culminated in a systemic vulnerability. The recent crisis has prompted agricultural stakeholders to reevaluate their practices, leading to a burgeoning interest in organic alternatives. Organic fertilizers, derived from natural sources such as compost, manure, and cover crops, offer a sustainable approach to soil health that not only replenishes nutrients but also enhances biodiversity and soil structure.Transitioning to organic fertilizers presents both challenges and opportunities for farmers. While there may be initial barriers, such as the need for education on organic practices and potential reductions in immediate crop yields, the long-term benefits are noteworthy. Organic fertilizers contribute to sustainable agriculture by reducing reliance on chemical inputs, promoting environmental health, and addressing consumer demand for organic produce. Furthermore, as the market for organic products continues to expand, farmers leveraging organic fertilizers can potentially benefit from premium pricing and increased market access. This paper offers a comprehensive overview of the key ongoing debates surrounding the performance of conventional and organic farming in terms of yields, especially under current and future climate conditions. With a primary focus on cropland, the impact of agricultural management on soil and plant microbiomes is examined. Furthermore, the benefits of integrating microbiome-based strategies into existing farming practices to maintain agricultural productivity while minimizing negative environmental effects are emphasized. To boost crop production in organic farming without significant land-use changes or farmland expansion, a microbial-based approach can be employed to achieve greater productivity, particularly in the face of a rapidly changing climate.This review highlights a thorough overview of the key ongoing debates regarding the performance of conventional and organic farming in terms of yields, particularly under current and future climate conditions. With a primary focus on cropland, the influence of agricultural management on soil and plant microbiomes is explored. Additionally, the advantages of incorporating microbiome-based strategies into existing farming practices to sustain agricultural productivity while reducing negative environmental impacts are highlighted. To enhance crop production in organic farming without significant land-use changes or farmland expansion, a microbial-based approach can be utilized to achieve higher productivity, especially in the context of a rapidly changing climate.Key words:Fertilizers;Transition; Conventional farming ;Organic farming; Plant microbiome IntroductionFertilizers are essential for agriculture, serving as the key providers of nutrients necessary for the establishment and proliferation of crops. In India, the fertilizer industry plays a pivotal role not only in enhancing agricultural output but also in addressing food security challenges and generating employment in rural areas. The sector's consistent growth reflects its fundamental importance in the countrys economy and agricultural landscape.India boasts one of the largest fertilizer industries globally, driven by increasing agricultural demands. Fertilizers in India are generally categorized into nitrogenous, phosphatic, potassium, and organic types, each designed to meet the unique needs of different soils and crops. In 2023, the Indian fertilizer market reached a valuation of USD 41.2 billion, and it is anticipated to grow to USD 70.2 billion by 2032, reflecting a steady annual growth rate of 6.1%.Government initiatives, such as the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY), have significantly encouraged the use of fertilizers and enhanced agricultural productivity. Additionally, innovative practices like precision farming and the introduction of bio-fertilizers are driving market growth by improving efficiency and sustainability. With a stable yearly growth rate of 6.1%, the Indian fertiliser industry is expected to reach a worth of $ 70.2 billion by 2032, up from $ 41.2 billion in 2023.The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) is one of the government initiatives that has greatly increased agricultural output and promoted fertilizer use. Innovative techniques that increase sustainability and efficiency, such as precision farming and the use of biofertilizers, are also propelling industry expansion. The push towards eco-friendly practices has led to a rising demand for organic fertilizers. Collaborations among companies are further stimulating the market, expanding the availability of specialized fertilizers to meet diverse agricultural needs. In addition, the nation's accomplishments as the world's second-largest producer of veggies and fruits highlight how important the fertilizer sector has been for agricultural development.As the primary suppliers of nutrients required for crop growth and development, fertilizers are vital to agriculture. Recent government initiatives have aimed to lessen reliance on imports, which is an informed choice given a changing geopolitical environment. Notably, in the end of fiscal year urea imports dropped by seven per cent, DAP by twenty-two percent, and NPKs by twenty-one percent, demonstrating progress toward fertilizer production self-sufficiency.Programs like the entirely Neem overlay on subsidized agricultural-grade urea are designed to maintain soil health while increasing crop output and nutrient efficiency.Moreover, the government is investing in innovative solutions, including the expansion of nano liquid urea production plants, poised to enhance India's fertilizer capabilities while promoting environmental sustainability. According to projections, the Indian fertilizer market is expected to develop at a 4.2 percent CAGR from 2024 to 2032, reaching a size of Rs 1.38 lakh crore.This growth underscores the sector's vital contribution to enhancing agricultural productivity and ensuring food security in India, making fertilizers indispensable in the journey toward sustainable agricultural practices. The ambitious goal of attaining urea production self-reliance by 20252026 has been set by the Indian government. This objective is largely hinged on the increased local production of nano urea, which is expected to enhance both crop yield and soil health. Nano urea, known for its efficiency in delivering nutrients to plants, could play a significant role in reducing dependence on imported fertilizers Alongside this endeavor, organic farming is being extensively promoted nationwide by the Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY). This program provides farmers with three years of financial assistance at a rate of Rs 50,000 per acre, with Rs 31,000 going directly toward organic inputs. As awareness of health and environmental issues grows, the market for organic and bio-fertilizers is poised for considerable expansion.Nonetheless, there are difficulties in the agricultural environment. Food security is seriously threatened by climate change, as estimates suggest that wheat yields could drop by 19.3 percent by 2050 and by as much as 40 percent by 2080.The National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) is putting plans into action to strengthen Indian agriculture's resilience in order to address these issues. This includes not just the promotion of sustainable practices but also the revival of previously closed fertilizer plants in key locations such as Talcher, Ramagundam, Gorakhpur, Sindri, and Barauni. Furthermore, boosting agricultural output, educating farmers on the appropriate use of fertilizers, and offering them access to affordable discounted fertilizers continue to be the primary goals. This effort, which focuses on creating new fertilizer categories and enhancing current organic products, requires constant study and innovation. In conclusion, India's multifaceted approach to increasing urea production, promoting organic farming, and addressing climate challenges showcases its commitment to a sustainable agricultural future. As these initiatives unfold, the potential for growth and resilience in Indian agriculture looks promising. (Economic times Industry, 2024)In this review, we will explore how the cost of inputs used in farming has skyrocketed. Since 2020, the World Bank estimates that fertilizer prices have increased by 80%. This has left farmers strapped for cash and decreased yields, with effects surging through every part of the food chain. However, many farmers are turning this challenge into an opportunity. Through regenerative agriculture, they can dramatically reduce input costs and reliance on synthetic fertilizers while rebuilding the soil. Well examine how rising prices are impacting farmers, the role of regenerative agriculture in cutting costs, and the results of farmers transitioning.
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