Paper Key : IRJ************946
Author: Shinde Ashok Banjari
Date Published: 03 Apr 2025
Abstract
Photovoltaic (PV) materials are at the core of solar energy conversion technologies, enabling the direct transformation of sunlight into electricity. The continuous development of PV materials has significantly improved the efficiency, affordability, and scalability of solar energy systems. This paper provides an in-depth review of the latest advancements in photovoltaic materials, classifying them into first, second, and third-generation technologies. The discussion encompasses crystalline silicon-based solar cells, thin-film materials such as cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), as well as emerging materials including perovskite solar cells, organic photovoltaics, and quantum dot solar cells. Additionally, key innovations such as tandem solar cells, bifacial designs, and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven optimizations are explored. While significant progress has been made, challenges related to stability, material sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and large-scale manufacturability remain. Future research directions focus on enhancing efficiency through multi-junction architectures, improving long-term durability via advanced encapsulation methods, and integrating PV systems with energy storage solutions and smart grid technologies. This paper highlights the transformative potential of cutting-edge PV materials and their role in shaping a sustainable global energy landscape