Paper Key : IRJ************656
Author: M.niharika,D.shravan Kumar
Date Published: 11 Apr 2025
Abstract
AbstractObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a long-lasting, severe mental health condition that involves having intrusive, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and engaging in repetitive, ritualistic behaviors (compulsions). Approximately 23% of the global population is affected by OCD, which has a significant impact on their daily lives and overall well-being. Despite being historically regarded as an uncommon condition, recent breakthroughs in neuroimaging, genetics, and neurobiology have transformed our comprehension of its underlying mechanisms. This review summarizes the latest research on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), focusing on the brain circuits involved, imbalances in brain chemicals, and genetic factors that contribute to the disorder. A comprehensive overview of both traditional and emerging therapeutic strategies is also presented. This article seeks to provide a current and clinically relevant understanding of OCD to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic outcomes. Keywords: obsessive-compulsive disorder, the underlying mechanisms, the CSTC circuit, serotonin, cognitive-behavioral therapy, pharmacological interventions.IntroductionObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a heterogeneous, chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by the presence of obsessions andor compulsions that are time-consuming, distressing, and significantly interfere with daily functioning. The condition commonly emerges during adolescence or early adulthood, although it can also occur in childhood. Ocd is often linked to significant difficulties in daily functioning, coexisting mental health disorders (such as depression and anxiety), and a lower quality of life. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is categorized under the "obsessive-compulsive and related disorders" chapter, setting it apart from anxiety disorders. The main characteristics encompass recurring, persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced as intrusive and unwanted (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts carried out in response to these obsessions (compulsions). The field of ocd has undergone significant changes due to advancements in neuroimaging, neuropsychology, and molecular genetics, leading to a shift from a psychodynamic perspective to a neurobiological framework. The prevailing model of the disease suggests that dysfunction in the CSTC circuits, changes in serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission, and possible immunological and genetic factors play a role in its development. Having a clear understanding of these mechanisms is crucial for the creation of effective and targeted treatments.
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