Paper Key : IRJ************551
Author: Rajshree D. Ghogare ,Trupti R. Somvanshi ,Abhishek B. Wakchaure ,Rutuja V. Shinde
Date Published: 19 Nov 2024
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a common chronic metabolic condition marked by long-term elevated blood glucose levels due to impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, or a combination of both. The condition can be classified into two main types: Type 1 diabetes (T1DM), an autoimmune disease leading to the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells, and Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), which is primarily caused by insulin resistance and subsequent pancreatic beta cell dysfunction. The global prevalence of diabetes has been rising, largely due to urbanization, sedentary lifestyles, and unhealthy dietary patterns, contributing to an increased burden of both morbidity and mortality. Diabetes complications can be classified into macrovascular and microvascular categories. Macrovascular complications include coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease, all of which contribute to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and Diabetic foot. Microvascular complications, including diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy, significantly impact patientsquality of life and can lead to irreversible organ damage if not properly managed. These complications arise from the chronic exposure of tissues to hyperglycemia, leading to inflammatory, oxidative stress, and advanced glycation end-product formation, which damage blood vessels and other tissues. Effective management of diabetes requires a multifaceted approach, including lifestyle modifications, glycemic control, and pharmacotherapy. Early detection and intervention are crucial to prevent or delay the onset of complications. The need for innovative therapies and continuous research into diabetes pathophysiology, along with improved strategies for the prevention and management of its complications, remains essential in combating the global diabetes epidemic. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of diabetes mellitus and its associated complications, with a focus on recent advances in understanding and treatment strategies.
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